Equipment state models determine how time is classified as productive, planned loss, or unplanned loss. Without clear, validated state definitions and consistent use across systems, KPIs like OEE, availability, and NPT become non-comparable, easy to game, and hard to defend in audits or cross-plant reviews.

Operators and managers do not need identical ISO 22400 KPI views. Using a common KPI set is valuable for alignment, but front-line and management views should differ in aggregation level, time horizon, and context. What each role sees must reflect data quality, system integrations, validation status, and the plant’s change-control and governance maturity.